Ngā Whānau Ārai Mura mō ngā Kakahu
Ko ngā ārai mura ka tāpirihia ki ngā hua kaihoko hei whakatutuki i ngā paerewa mura mō ngā tāonga whare, ngā kakahu, ngā hikohiko, me ngā hua hanga pēnei i te whakamahana.
E rua ngā momo papanga ātete ahi: ngā muka ātete mura tūturu, ngā matū ātete mura rānei. He tino mura te nuinga o ngā papanga, ā, he tūponotanga ahi ki te kore e whakamahia he ārai mura.
He rōpū matū kanorau ngā ārai mura e tāpirihia ana ki ngā hua kakahu hei ārai, hei whakaroa rānei i te horapa o te ahi. Ko ngā whānau matua o ngā ārai mura e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te umanga kakahu ko: 1. Halogens (Bromine me Chlorine); 2. Phosphorus; 3. Nitrogen; 4. Phosphorus me te Nitrogen
Ka whakamahia ngā BFR hei ārai i ngā ahi i roto i ngā taputapu hiko me ngā taputapu hiko. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā pouaka whakaata me ngā mata rorohiko, ngā papa hiko tā, ngā taura hiko me ngā pahuka whakamahana.
I roto i te umanga kakahu, ka whakamahia ngā BFR ki ngā paninga tuara o te papanga mō ngā ārai, ngā nohoanga me ngā tāonga whakapaipai. Hei tauira, ko ngā Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) me ngā Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs).
He pumau tonu ngā BFR ki te taiao, ā, kei te āwangawangahia ngā mōrearea o ēnei matū ki te hauora o te marea. He maha ake ngā BFR kāore e whakaaetia kia whakamahia. I te tau 2023, i whakanuia e te ECHA ētahi hua ki te rārangi SVHC, pērā i te TBBPA (CAS 79-94-7), BTBPE (CAS 37853-59-1).
E whakamahia whānuitia ana tēnei kāwai i roto i ngā polymer me ngā muka cellulose kakahu. O ngā mea ārai mura organophosphorus kore-halogen, ko ngā triaryl phosphates (me ngā mowhiti benzene e toru e piri ana ki tētahi rōpū kei roto he phosphorus) e whakamahia ana hei whakakapi i ngā mea ārai mura brominated. I ētahi wā, kei roto pea i ngā mea ārai mura organophosphorus te bromine, te chlorine rānei.
E aukati ana te paerewa haumaru taonga tākaro EN 71-9 i ngā ārai mura phosphate motuhake e rua i roto i ngā rauemi kakahu e wātea ana, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taonga tākaro mō ngā tamariki kei raro iho i te 3 tau te pakeke. He nui ake te kitea o ēnei ārai mura e rua i roto i ngā rauemi kakahu kua pania ki ngā kirihou pērā i te PVC i te mea he mea hanga ki te papanga kakahu tonu. Ko te Tri-o-cresyl phosphate, te tricresyl phosphate tino paitini, he iti ake te tūponotanga kia whakamahia i te tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate.
Ko ngā ārai mura hauota he mea hanga mai i te melamine parakore, i ōna rānei ngā mea i ahu mai, arā, ngā tote me ngā waikawa waro, ngā waikawa kore-waro rānei. Ko te melamine parakore hei ārai mura, e whakamahia ana mō ngā pahuka polyurethane ngāwari ārai mura mō ngā tāonga whakapaipai i roto i ngā whare, ngā nohoanga motuka/waka me ngā nohoanga pēpi. Ko ngā mea i ahu mai i te melamine hei FR e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā mahi hanga me ngā taputapu hiko me ngā taputapu hiko.
E tāpirihia ana ngā ārai mura hei whakapai ake i te haumaru o ngā kakahu.
Kia tino karohia ngā ārai mura kua herea, kua āraia rānei. I te tau 2023, i whakarārangihia e te ECHA te Melamine (CAS 108-78-1) ki roto i te SVHC.
Ngā ārai mura kore-halogen o Taifeng, he mea hanga ki te Phosphorus me te Nitrogen, mō ngā kakahu me ngā muka.
Mā ngā otinga kore-halogen a Taifeng mō ngā kakahu me ngā muka ka ārai i te ahi, me te kore e hanga i ngā tūponotanga hou mā te whakamahi i ngā matū tawhito morearea. Kei roto i ā mātou tuku ko ngā ārai mura kua hangaia mō te hanga muka viscose/rayon me ngā kai whai hua mō te tiaki i ngā kakahu me te hiako horihori. Mō ngā kakahu paninga-muri, ka taea e te mea whakamarara kua rite ki te whakamahi te ātete ki te ahi ahakoa he maha ngā huringa horoi me te horoi maroke.
He parenga ahi pakari, ngā painga matua o tā mātou otinga mō ngā kakahu me ngā muka.
Ārai mura He mea hanga te kakahu mā te ārai mura i muri i te maimoatanga.
te momo kakahu ātete-mura: ātete mura rangitahi, ātete mura āhua-tūturu me te ātete mura pakari (tūturu).
Tukanga ārai mura rangitahi: whakamahia he mea whakaoti ārai mura wairewa-wai, pērā i te ammonium polyphosphate wairewa-wai, ka pania kia ōrite ki te papanga mā te tō, te whakakī, te paraihe, te rehu rānei, ā, ka puta he pānga ārai mura i muri i te maroke. He pai mō te He ohanga, he ngāwari hoki te pupuri i ngā taonga kāore e hiahiatia kia horoia, kia horoia rānei i ētahi wā, pērā i ngā ārai me ngā ārai rā, engari kāore e ātete ki te horoi.
Mā te whakamahi i te wairewa APP 10%-20% wairewa, ka pai te TF-301 me te TF-303. He mārama te wairewa, ā, he pH koretake. E ai ki te tono a te ātete ahi, ka taea e te kiritaki te whakarerekē i te kukū.
Tukanga ātete mura tuturu-haurua: Ko te tikanga ka taea e te papanga kua oti te tu atu i te 10-15 wā o te horoi ngawari, engari ka mau tonu te pānga ātete mura, engari kāore e ātete ki te hopi pāmahana teitei. He pai tēnei tukanga mō ngā papanga whakapaipai o roto, ngā nohoanga motuka, ngā uhi, me ētahi atu.
He mea hanga e te TF-201 he mea ārai mura, he iti te utu, kāore i te whakakāhoretia, he mea hanga ki te whākawa, mō ngā paninga me ngā uhi kakahu. He pai ngā TF-201, TF-201S, TF-211, TF-212 mō te paninga kakahu. He mea ārai mura tuturu mō ngā kakahu. Ngā tēneti o waho, ngā whāriki, ngā uhi pakitara, ngā nohoanga ārai mura (o roto o ngā waka, poti, tereina me ngā waka rererangi) ngā waka pēpi, ngā ārai, ngā kākahu tiaki.
Te Hanganga i Tukuna
| Āmoniu | Emulsion Kiriaku | Kaihoko Whakamarara | Kaihoko Whakakore Huka | Kaiwhakamātotoru |
| 35 | 63.7 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 1.0 |
He tukanga whakaoti ātete-murama pakari: Ka taea te horoi i ngā wā e neke atu i te 50, ā, ka taea te hopi. He pai mō ngā kakahu e horoia pinepinetia ana, pērā i ngā kākahu tiaki mahi, ngā kākahu tinei ahi, ngā tēneti, ngā putea, me ngā taonga o te whare.
Nā te mea he ātete-mumura te papanga pēnei i te papanga Oxford ātete-mumura, he kore e mura, he ātete ki te pāmahana teitei, he pai te ārai wera, kāore e rewa, kāore e maturuturu, ā, he kaha teitei. Nō reira, he whānuitia te whakamahinga o tēnei hua i roto i te umanga hanga kaipuke, te whakarewa i ngā hanganga rino nui me te tiaki hiko, ngā taputapu tiaki mō te whakarewa hau, te umanga matū, te whakarewa, te whare tapere, ngā toa hokohoko nui, ngā hūperamākete, ngā hōtēra me ētahi atu wāhi tūmatanui me te hauhautanga reo, te ārai ahi me ngā taputapu tiaki.
He pai ngā TF-211, TF-212, mō ngā kakahu pakari, ātete-mura. Me tāpiri he paninga ātete-wai.
Ngā paerewa ātete mura o ngā papanga kakahu i ngā whenua rerekē
Ko ngā papanga ātete-mura e pā ana ki ngā papanga ka taea te tineia aunoa i roto i te 2 hēkona i muri i te wehenga atu o te mura tuwhera ahakoa kua mura i te mura tuwhera. E ai ki te raupapa o te tāpiri rauemi ātete-mura, e rua ngā momo papanga ātete-mura i mua i te maimoatanga me ngā papanga ātete-mura i muri i te maimoatanga. Mā te whakamahi i ngā papanga ātete-mura ka taea te whakaroa i te horapa o te ahi, inā koa mā te whakamahi i ngā papanga ātete-mura i ngā wāhi tūmatanui ka taea te karo i ngā mate maha atu.
Mā te whakamahi i ngā papanga ātete-mumura ka taea te whakaroa i te horapa o te ahi, inā koa mā te whakamahi i ngā papanga ātete-mumura i ngā wāhi tūmatanui ka ārai i ngā mate. Ko ngā whakaritenga mahi mura o ngā papanga i tōku whenua e whakaarohia ana mō ngā kākahu tiaki, ngā papanga e whakamahia ana i ngā wāhi tūmatanui, me ngā roto o te waka.
Paerewa ātete mura o te papanga Piritana
1. He pai te BS7177 (BS5807) mō ngā papanga pēnei i ngā tāonga me ngā moenga i ngā wāhi tūmatanui o te UK. He whakaritenga motuhake mō te mahi ahi, he tikanga whakamātautau tino pakari. E waru ngā pūtake ahi e wehea ana te ahi mai i te 0 ki te 7, e rite ana ki ngā taumata tiaki ahi e whā o ngā mōrearea iti, waenga, teitei me te tino teitei.
2. He pai te BS7175 mō ngā paerewa tiaki ahi tuturu i roto i ngā hōtēra, ngā wāhi whakangahau me ētahi atu wāhi kīkī. E hiahiatia ana kia paahitia e koe ngā momo whakamātautau e rua, neke atu rānei, o te Schedule4Part1 me te Schedule5Part1.
3. He pai te BS7176 mō ngā papanga hipoki tāonga, e hiahia ana kia ātete ahi me te ātete wai. I te wā o te whakamātautau, me tutuki te papanga me te whakakī i ngā tohu o te Schedule4Part1, Schedule5Part1, te matotoru o te paoa, te paitini me ētahi atu tohu whakamātautau. He paerewa tiaki ahi tino pakari ake tēnei mō ngā nohoanga whakakīkī i te BS7175 (BS5852).
4. E pā ana te BS5452 ki ngā whāriki moenga me ngā urunga i ngā wāhi tūmatanui o Peretānia me ngā taonga katoa mai i tāwāhi. Me ātete tonu ki te ahi i muri i te 50 wā o te horoinga, te horoinga maroke rānei.
Raupapa 5.BS5438: Pajama tamariki Piritana BS5722; moenga Piritana BS5815.3; ārai Piritana BS6249.1B.
Paerewa Ārai Mura o te Kakahu o Amerika
1. He paerewa tiaki ahi kotahi te wā e whakamahia whānuitia ana te CA-117 i te Hononga o Amerika. Kāore e hiahiatia he whakamātautau i muri i te wai, ā, e tika ana mō te nuinga o ngā kakahu e kaweake ana ki te Hononga o Amerika.
2. Ko te CS-191 te paerewa whānui mō te tiaki ahi mō ngā kākahu tiaki i te Hononga o Amerika, e aro ana ki te mahi ahi mō te wā roa me te whakamarie o te mau. Ko te hangarau tukatuka he tikanga whakahiato e rua-taahiraa, he tikanga whakahiato maha-taahiraa rānei, he nui te ihirangi hangarau me te uara tāpiri o te hua.
