Te whakamahi i te piripiri / te hiri / te aukati mura here
Mara hangahanga:Te tāutanga o ngā tatau ahi, ngā pare ahi, ngā papa ahi
Mara hiko me te mara hiko:Papa ara iahiko, ngā wāhanga hiko
Ahumahi motuka:Ngā nohoanga, ngā papaaho whakahaere, ngā panera tatau
Mara rererangi:Ngā taputapu rererangi, ngā hanganga waka mokowhiti
Ngā taonga o te whare:Taonga whare, papa, pepapātū
Rīpene Whakawhiti Piripiri Ārai Mura:He tino pai mō ngā konganuku, ngā pahuka me ngā kirihou pērā i te polyethylene
Te Mahi a ngā Ārai Mumura
Ka aukati, ka whakaroa rānei ngā ārai mura i te horapa o te ahi mā te pehi i ngā tauhohenga matū i roto i te mura, mā te hanganga rānei o tētahi paparanga tiaki i runga i te mata o tētahi rauemi.
Ka konatunatua pea ēnei ki te rauemi turanga (ngā tāpiringa ārai mura) ka honoa rānei mā te matū ki roto (ngā ārai mura tauhohe). Ko ngā ārai mura kohuke he mea tāpiri i te nuinga o te wā, ko ngā matū waro ia he tauhohe, he tāpiri rānei.
Te Hoahoa i te Piripiri Ārai-Ahi
E whā ngā wāhanga o te ahi:
Tīmatanga
Te tipu
Āhua Tūmau, me
Pirau
Te Whakataurite i ngā Pāmahana Whakangaromanga o tētahi Piripiri Thermoset Noa
Me te hunga i tae atu ki ngā wāhanga rerekē o te ahi
He pāmahana pirau rite tonu kei ia āhua, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia. I te hoahoa i tētahi piripiri ātete ahi, me whakapau kaha ngā kaihanga ki te whakarato i te ātete pāmahana ki te taumata ahi tika mō te tono:
● Hei tauira, i roto i te hanga hiko, me pehi te piripiri i te āhua o te wāhanga hiko ki te mura - ki te tīmata rānei - mēnā he pikinga pāmahana i puta mai i te hapa.
● Mō te here i ngā taera, i ngā panera rānei, me ātete ngā piripiri ki te wetewete i ngā wā tipu me ngā wā pumau, ahakoa kei te pā tika ki te mura.
● Me whakaiti hoki i ngā hau paitini me te paowa e tukuna ana. Tērā pea ka pāngia ngā hanganga e pikau ana i ngā wāhanga e whā o te ahi.
Te Whakawhāiti i te Huringa Tahunga
Hei whakawhāiti i te huringa tahunga, me whakakore tētahi, ētahi rānei o ngā tukanga e whai wāhi ana ki te ahi mā te:
● Te whakakorenga o te wahie pūngāwerewere, mā te whakamatao
● Te whakaputanga o tētahi ārai wera, pērā i te tahunga, ā, ka whakakorea te wahie mā te whakaiti i te whakawhiti wera,
● Te tinei i ngā tauhohenga mekameka i roto i te mura, mā te tāpiri i ngā kaihoroi rauropi e tika ana
Ka mahi ngā tāpiringa ārai mura i tēnei mā te mahi matū me/ranei ā-tinana i roto i te wāhanga whakakōpiko (totoka) i roto rānei i te wāhanga hau mā te whakarato i tētahi o ngā mahi e whai ake nei:
●Ngā kaihanga āhua:Ko ngā matū whākōkī te tikanga, e tango ana i te pūtake wahie waro, ā, e whakarato ana i tētahi paparanga ārai i te wera o te ahi. E rua ngā tikanga hanga waro:
Te hurihanga o ngā tauhohenga matū e uru ana ki te pirau kia pai ai ngā tauhohenga e puta ai te waro kaua ko te CO, ko te CO2 rānei, ā,
Te hanganga o tētahi paparanga mata o te waro tiaki
●Ngā mea mimiti wera:Ko ngā waikura whakarewa te tikanga, pērā i te konumohe trihydrate, te konupora hauwai rānei, e tango ana i te wera mā te mimiti o te wai mai i te hanganga o te aukati mura.
●Ngā mea tinei mura:Ko te tikanga he pūnaha halogen e hangai ana ki te bromine, ki te chlorine rānei, e whakararuraru ana i ngā tauhohenga i roto i te mura.
● Ngā Kaitautoko:Ko te tikanga he pūhui antimony, e whakarei ake ana i te mahi a te mīhini tinei mura.
Te Hiranga o ngā Ārai Mura i roto i te Tiaki Ahi
He mea nui ngā ārai mura o te ahi, nā te mea ehara i te mea ka whakaiti noa i te tūponotanga o te mura o te ahi, engari ka whakaiti hoki i te horapa o te ahi. Ka whakanui ake tēnei i te wā mawhiti, ā, ka tiaki i te tangata, i te taonga, me te taiao.
He maha ngā huarahi hei whakatū i te piripiri hei ārai ahi. Kia mārama tātou ki te whakarōpūtanga o ngā ārai ahi.
Kei te piki haere te hiahia mō ngā piripiri ātete ahi, ā, kua horapa te whakamahinga ki ngā momo ahumahi rerekē, tae atu ki te rererangi, te hanga, te hikohiko me te kawe tangata (ina koa ko ngā tereina).
1: Nō reira, ko tētahi o ngā paearu matua ko te ātete ki te mura/kore e mura, he pai ake rānei, te aukati i te mura – he ārai ahi tika.
2: Kaua te piripiri e tuku paowa nui, paowa paitini rānei.
3: Me mau tonu te āhua o te hanganga o te piripiri i ngā pāmahana teitei (me tino ātete ki te pāmahana e taea ana).
4: Kaua ngā hua taha paitini e kitea i roto i te mea piri kua pirau.
He āhua uaua te kimi i tētahi piripiri e tutuki ai ēnei whakaritenga – ā, i tēnei wā, kāore anō kia whakaarohia te matotoru, te tae, te tere o te whakapakeketanga me te tikanga whakapakeketanga e pai ana, te whakakī āputa, te kaha, te kawe wera, me te takai. Engari he wero nui tēnei mō ngā kaihanga matū, nō reira, TĒNĀ MAI!
Ko ngā ture taiao e pā ana ki ngā ahumahi me ngā rohe
Kua kitea he pai te āhua o tētahi rōpū nui o ngā mea ārai ahi i rangahauhia mō te taiao me te hauora. Ko ēnei:
● Haukinia polyphosphate
● Konumohe diethylphosphinate
● Waikawa konumohe
● Waikawa konupūmā
● Meramina polyphosphate
● Dihydrooxaphosphaphenanthrene
● Konutea konutea
● Konutea hauwaioratanate
Te ātete mura
Ka taea te whakawhanake i ngā piripiri kia rite ki te tauine reti o te ātete ahi – anei ngā taipitopito o ngā whakarōpūtanga Whakamātautau Taiwhanga Kaitono. Hei kaihanga piripiri, kei te kite mātou i ngā tono mō te UL94 V-0, ā, i ētahi wā mō te HB.
UL94
● HB: puhoi te mura i runga i te tauira whakapae. Te tere mura <76mm/min mō te matotoru <3mm, ka mutu rānei te mura i mua i te 100mm
● V-2: (poutū) ka mutu te mura i roto i te <30 hēkona, ā, tera pea he mura tetahi maturuturunga iho
● V-1: Ka mutu te mura (poutū) i roto i te <30 hēkona, ā, ka whakaaetia ngā maturuturunga (engari mekāoree tahuna ana)
● Ka mutu te mura V-0 (poutū) i roto i te <10 hēkona, ā, ka whakaaetia ngā maturuturunga (engari mekāoree tahuna ana)
● Ka mutu te mura o te tauira papa 5VB (tauira papa poutū) i roto i te <60 hēkona, kāore he maturuturunga iho; tera pea ka puta he kōhao i te tauira.
● 5VA e ai ki runga ake nei engari kāore e whakaaetia kia puta he kōhao.
Ko ngā whakarōpūtanga whakamutunga e rua e pā ana ki tētahi panera piri, kaua ki tētahi tauira piripiri.
He tino māmā te whakamātautau, kāore hoki e hiahiatia he taputapu matatau, anei ngā whakaritenga whakamātautau taketake:
He tino uaua te mahi i tēnei whakamātautau ki ētahi piripiri anake. Ina koa mō ngā piripiri kāore e pakari pai i waho o te hononga kua kati. I tēnei wā, ka taea e koe te whakamātautau i waenga i ngā papa kua piri noa. Heoi, ka taea te whakapakari i te kāpia epoxy me ngā piripiri UV hei tauira whakamātautau totoka. Kātahi, whakauruhia te tauira whakamātautau ki roto i ngā kauae o te tūnga whakapiri. Puritia he peere onepu tata, ā, e tino taunaki ana mātou kia mahia tēnei i raro i te tangohanga, i roto rānei i te kāpata paowa. Kaua e whakatangihia ngā whakaoho paowa! Ina koa ko ērā e hono tika ana ki ngā ratonga ohorere. Hopukia te tauira ki te ahi, ā, tātaihia te roa o te wa e tineia ai te mura. Tirohia mēnā he maturuturu kei raro (ko te tumanako kei a koe he paepae whakakorekore; ki te kore, haere rā ki te papa mahi pai).
Ka whakakotahi ngā tohunga matū piri i ētahi tāpiringa hei hanga piri ātete ahi – ā, i ētahi wā ka taea te tinei i ngā mura (ahakoa he uaua ake te whakatutuki i tēnei āhuatanga i ēnei rā, he maha ngā kaihanga taonga e tono ana i ngā hanganga kore-halogen).
Ko ngā tāpiringa mō ngā piripiri ātete ahi ko:
● Ngā matū hanga waro waro e āwhina ana ki te whakaiti i te wera me te paoa, ā, e tiaki ana hoki i te rauemi i raro i te ahi.
● Ngā mea mimiti wera, he waikura whakarewa noa ēnei e āwhina ana ki te hoatu i ngā āhuatanga wera nui ki te piripiri (he maha ngā wā, ka tīpakohia ngā piripiri ātete ahi mō ngā tono here totohu wera ina hiahiatia te kawe wera mōrahi).
He taurite tupato tēnei nā te mea ka pāngia ētahi atu āhuatanga o te piripiri e ēnei tāpiringa pēnei i te kaha, te rheology, te tere o te whakaora, te ngāwari me ētahi atu.
He rerekētanga kei waenganui i ngā piripiri ātete ahi me ngā piripiri ātete ahi?
Āe! Ae. Kua whakahuatia ngā kupu e rua i roto i te tuhinga, engari he pai ake pea kia whakatikahia te kōrero.
Ngā piripiri ātete ahi
He maha ngā wā he hua pēnei i ngā sima piri kore-waro me ngā hiri. Kāore e mura, ā, ka tu atu ki ngā pāmahana tino kino. Ko ngā whakamahinga mō ēnei momo hua ko ngā oumu pupuhi, ngā oumu me ētahi atu. Kāore e aukati i te mura o te huihuinga. Engari he pai te mahi a ēnei ki te pupuri i ngā wāhanga mura katoa.
Ngā piripiri ātete ahi
Ka āwhina ēnei ki te tinei i ngā mura me te whakaroa i te horapa o te ahi.
He maha ngā ahumahi e rapu ana i ēnei momo piripiri
● Ngā Hikohiko– mō te whakakī me te tākai i ngā hikohiko, te here i ngā totohu wera, ngā papa hikohiko me ētahi atu. Ka taea e te ara poto hiko te mura ahi. Engari kei roto i ngā PCB ngā matū ārai ahi – he mea nui kia whai āhuatanga anō hoki ngā piripiri.
● Hanganga– me kore e mura te whakakikorua me te papa (ina koa i ngā wāhi tūmatanui) me here ki tētahi piripiri ātete ahi.
● Te kawe waka a te iwi– ngā kāreti tereina, ngā roto pahi, ngā tereina me ētahi atu. Ko ngā whakamahinga mō ngā piripiri ātete mura ko te here i ngā panera hiato, ngā papa, me ētahi atu taputapu me ngā taputapu. Ehara i te mea ka āwhina noa ngā piripiri ki te aukati i te horapa o te ahi. Engari ka whakaratohia he hononga ataahua me te kore e hiahiatia he whakapiri miihini kino (me te haruru).
● Rererangi– e ai ki te kōrero i mua ake nei, he tino pakari ngā ture mō ngā rauemi o roto o te kāpata. Me ātete ki te ahi, ā, kaua e whakakī i te kāpata ki te paoa pango i te wā e mura ana te ahi.
Ngā Paerewa me ngā Tikanga Whakamātautau mō ngā Ārai Mura
Ko ngā paerewa e pā ana ki te whakamātautau ahi e aro ana ki te whakatau i te mahi a tētahi rauemi e pā ana ki te mura, te paoa, me te paitini (FST). He maha ngā whakamātautau kua whakamahia whānuitia hei whakatau i te ātete o ngā rauemi ki ēnei āhuatanga.
Ngā Whakamātautau kua Tīpakohia mō ngā Ārai Mura
| Ātete ki te tahunga | |
| ASTM D635 | "Te tere o te tahunga o ngā kirihou" |
| ASTM E162 | "Te Mumura o ngā Rauemi Kirihou" |
| UL 94 | "Te Mumura o ngā Rauemi Kirihou" |
| ISO 5657 | "Te Mumura o ngā Hua Hanga" |
| BS 6853 | "Te Whakatōnga o te Mura" |
| TAU 25.853 | "Paerewa Āhuarangi – Ngā Āhua o roto o ngā Wāhanga" |
| NF T 51-071 | "Taupū Hāora" |
| NF C 20-455 | "Whakamātautau Waea Hira" |
| DIN 53438 | "Te Whakatōnga o te Mura" |
| Ātete ki ngā pāmahana teitei | |
| BS 476 Wāhanga Nama 7 | "Te Horapa o te Mura i te Mata - Ngā Rauemi Hanga" |
| DIN 4172 | "Ngā Āhuatanga Ahi o ngā Rauemi Hanga" |
| ASTM E648 | "Ngā Taupoki Papa - Paewhiri Hihiko" |
| Paitini | |
| SMP 800C | "Whakamātautau Paitini" |
| BS 6853 | "Te Tukunga Auahi" |
| NF X 70-100 | "Whakamātautau Paitini" |
| ATS 1000.01 | "Te Matotoru o te Auahi" |
| Te Whakaputa Auahi | |
| BS 6401 | "Te Matotoru Whatu Motuhake o te Auahi" |
| BS 6853 | "Te Tukunga Auahi" |
| NES 711 | "Taupū Auahi o ngā Hua o te Tahunga" |
| ASTM D2843 | "Te Matotoru o te Auahi mai i te Tahu Kirihou" |
| ISO CD5659 | "Kiato Whatu Motuhake – Te Whakaputa Auahi" |
| ATS 1000.01 | "Te Matotoru o te Auahi" |
| DIN 54837 | "Te Whakatupuranga Auahi" |
Te Whakamātautau i te Ātete ki te Tahu
I te nuinga o ngā whakamātautau e ine ana i te ātete ki te mura, ko ngā piripiri e tika ana ko ērā kāore e mura tonu mō tētahi wā roa i muri i te tangohanga o te pūtake mura. I roto i ēnei whakamātautau, ka taea te mura i te tauira piripiri kua rongoatia, ahakoa he aha te mea e piri ana (ka whakamatautauria te piripiri hei kiriata kore utu).
Ahakoa kāore tēnei huarahi e whai i te āhua o te ao tūturu, e whakarato ana i ngā raraunga whai hua mō te ātete whanaunga o te piripiri ki te mura.
Ka taea hoki te whakamātautau i ngā hanganga tauira me te piripiri me te mea e piri ana. Tērā pea ka nui ake te whakaatu a ēnei hua i te mahi a te piripiri i roto i te ahi tūturu, nā te mea he pai, he kino rānei te takoha a te mea e piri ana.
Whakamātautau Tahu Poutū UL-94
Ka whakaratohia he aromatawai tuatahi mō te mura me te maturuturu o ngā pūmua e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taputapu hiko, ngā taputapu hiko, ngā taputapu hiko, me ētahi atu tono. Ka aro atu ki ngā āhuatanga whakamahinga mutunga o te mura, te tere mura, te horapa o te mura, te takoha wahie, te kaha o te mura, me ngā hua o te mura.
Te Mahi me te Whakatū - I tēnei whakamātautau, ka whakairihia poutū he tauira kiriata, he tauira papa pania rānei ki roto i tētahi pouaka kore-huka. Ka whakatakotoria he mura ki raro i te tauira mō te 10 hēkona, ā, ka whakaritea te roa o te mura. Ka tuhia ngā maturuturunga katoa e mura ai te miro pokanga kua whakatakotoria 12 inihi ki raro i te tauira.
He maha ngā whakarōpūtanga o te whakamātautau:
94 V-0: Kāore he tauira e mura ana mō te neke atu i te 10 hēkona i muri i te whakakā. Kāore ngā tauira e mura tae noa ki te rawhi pupuri, e maturuturu, e mura rānei te miro, e mau tonu rānei te mura mura mō te 30 hēkona i muri i te tangohanga o te mura whakamātautau.
94 V-1: Kaua tetahi tauira e mura mō te neke atu i te 30 hēkona i muri i ia tahunga. Kaua ngā tauira e mura tae noa ki te rawhi pupuri, e maturuturu, e mura rānei te miro, e mura rānei mō te neke atu i te 60 hēkona.
94 V-2: He rite tonu ngā paearu ki te V-1, engari me tuku ngā tauira kia maturuturu, kia mura hoki te miro i raro i te tauira.
Ngā Rautaki Kē Atu mō te Ine i te Ātete ki te Tahu
Ko tētahi atu tikanga mō te ine i te ātete mura o tētahi rauemi ko te ine i te taupū hāora whakawhāiti (LOI). Ko te LOI te kukū iti rawa o te hāora e whakaatuhia ana hei ōrau rōrahi o te ranunga o te hāora me te hauota e tautoko ana i te mura mura o tētahi rauemi i te pāmahana rūma tuatahi.
Me whai whakaaro nui ki te ātete o te piri ki ngā pāmahana teitei i roto i te ahi, i tua atu i te mura, te paoa, me ngā pānga paitini. He maha ngā wā ka tiakina e te papa te piri mai i te ahi. Heoi, ki te wetekina, ki te pirau rānei te piri nā te pāmahana o te ahi, ka pakaru pea te hononga, ka wehea te papa me te piri. Ki te tupu tēnei, ka kitea te piri me te papa tuarua. Kātahi ka taea e ēnei mata hou te whai wāhi atu ki te ahi.
E whakamahia whānuitia ana te rūma mātotoru paowa NIST (ASTM D2843, BS 6401) i roto i ngā rāngai ahumahi katoa hei whakatau i te paowa i puta mai i ngā rauemi totoka me ngā huihuinga e whakairihia ana i te tūranga poutū i roto i te rūma kati. Ka inehia te mātotoru paowa mā te tirohanga.
Ina whakatakotoria he piripiri ki waenganui i ngā papa e rua, ka whakahaere te ātete ahi me te kawe wera o ngā papa i te pirau me te tukunga paowa o te piripiri.
I roto i ngā whakamātautau kiato paowa, ka taea te whakamātautau i ngā piripiri anake hei paninga kore utu hei whakatau i te āhua kino rawa atu.
Kimihia te Reanga Ārai Mura e Tika ana
Tirohia te whānuitanga o ngā momo ātete mura e wātea ana i te mākete i ēnei rā, tātarihia ngā raraunga hangarau o ia hua, tiki āwhina hangarau, tono tauira rānei.
TF-101, TF-201, TF-AMP
